Instructions for Registering as a Patent Agent

Filing a patent seems like a clerical job. On the face of it, it sounds like all you need is a little research, a little discovery and put a stamp on a patent and you are done. In reality, the role is a lot more involved than it seems, lets review how. What Is a Patent Agent or Patent Attorney? Whether you are a patent agent or patent attorney, you are generally performing the same roles. Patent agents and patent attorneys both have a degree in engineering or science, and they have to study the patent rules, patent laws and how the patent office works. The steps to becoming a patent agent or attorney are rigorous. The major difference between a patent agent and a patent attorney is that an attorney has additionally graduated from law school, passed the law bar and has the ability to practice law in one or more states in the U.S. The Patent Bar Both agents and attorneys have to take a very difficult examination with a pretty low pass rate to become admitted to the patent bar. The patent bar is officially called the  Examination for Registration to Practice in Patent Cases Before the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The exam is a 100-question, six-hour, multiple-choice test. The applicant is provided three hours to complete 50 questions in the morning, and another three hours to complete 50 questions in the afternoon. The exam contains 10 beta questions which do not count towards the exam takers final score,  but there is no way to know which of the 100 questions are among these 10 ungraded questions. The required score to pass is 70 percent or 63 correct out of the 90 graded questions. Someone who is admitted to the patent bar is permitted legally to represent patent clients in preparing and filing patent applications and then prosecuting them through the examination process in the patent’s office to obtain an issue to patent. Steps Involved Here are the basic steps on how to become a registered patent agent  that are recognized by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Step Action Description 1a. Get a "Category A" bachelor's degree Obtain a bachelor's degree in a field of science, technology or engineering that is recognized by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 1b. Or, get a "Category B or C" bachelor's degree You can apply if you have a bachelor's degree or foreign equivalency in a similarly related subject and it can be combined with course credits, alternative training, life experiences, military service, graduate degrees and other conditions. If applying with a foreign equivalency degree that is not in English, all documentation must have certified English translations. 2. Apply, study and pass the patent bar exam Apply and study for the patent bar exam and review previous patent bar exams online. This exam is now given by Thomson Prometric anytime, nationwide, and once a year via paper test at a physical location determined by the patent office. 3. Submit documents and fees Complete list of all the documents and submit the required fees and meet all filing deadlines. Disqualifications  From the Patent Bar Those individuals who are not eligible to apply for the patent bar or as a patent agent or attorney include those who have been convicted of a crime within two years or those individuals after two years of a completed sentence do not meet the burden of proof of reform and rehabilitation. Also, ineligible applicants include those who have been disbarred from practice or law or their profession due to a disciplinary hearing or those individuals who are found lacking in good moral character or standing.

Cultural Diversity And Law Enforcement Essay - 1605 Words

ty Cultural Diversity and Law Enforcement Brittany N. George Alabama State University MSW Dr. Lang-Lindsey Abstract Over the last two years in the United States the African-American people have been fighting a war within our own backyards. The Washington Post reports that since January 2015, the police have shot and killed over 175 young black men ranging from ages 18-29; 24 of them were unarmed. On the flip side 172 young white men were killed, only 18 being unarmed. With these statistics there are similarities in the numbers but, blacks were killed at rates disproportional to their percentage of U.S population (1.Washington Post). Of all unarmed people shot and killed by police in 2015. With 40% being black men make up just 6% of the nation’s populations. In the wake of the killings of Mike Brown, Sandra Bland, Alton Sterling, and many more the world has been made more publicly aware of injustices black people have to handle when dealing with law enforcement. Crime in the black community is nothing new in the black community or should I say black on black crime. There is a bad stereotype that has been put on black people since slavery times that I believe has help fueled the violence between the police and my people. Merriam- Webster defines cultures a particular society that has its own beliefs and way of live and diversity as the state of having people who are different races or who have different cultures in a group or organization. I wouldShow MoreRelatedIs Diversity an Issue Within Law Enforcement From the Past to Present?1211 Words   |  5 Pagesterm diversity refers to the condition of being diverse; thus, â€Å"composed of distinct forms or qualities† (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2004). Looking back at the history of the U.S., there has always been a diverse population in many jurisdictions. But did policy agency workforces mirror this diversity of the communities they served? When in the past the issue of diversity within law enforcement was at stake, where the same measures used today the same as the in the past? The U.S’s law enforcementRead MoreA Theoretical Framework For Recruiting Asian American Police Candidates843 Words   |  4 PagesStates, law enforcement agencies must search beyond traditional methods to attract potential Asian-American police candidates (Crump, 2011). It is not to say that traditional methods of recruiting are ineffective in today’s 21st century policing, but rather, law enforcement agencies must utilize both traditional and non-traditional methods to recruit and hire the most qualified Asian-Americans. By analyzing, assessing, evaluating, and combining the works of several law enforcement scholars regardingRead MoreIncrease of Diversity in Law Enforcement: Impacts and Benefits to Society1321 Words   |  5 PagesHow can society benefit if diversity is increased inside law enforcement? Introduction Diversity is an important factor in the law enforcement agencies. It is important to mention here that police and law enforcement agencies depend on the assistance and the help from the public whereas without the support of the public, police and law enforcement agencies cannot function properly. Most importantly, it has been seen that various members from a number of ethnic minorities do not support the activitiesRead MoreThe Importance Of Diversifying Police Agencies And Selection773 Words   |  4 Pagescommunity confrontations, and that in return diminishes the chances of recruiting Asian-American candidates towards a career in law enforcement. Purpose of the Study The objective of this thesis is to provide comprehensive information to all stakeholders who have an interest in enhancing minority recruitment and selection. The goal of this thesis is to address law enforcement professionals about the importance of diversifying police agencies; more importantly, is to address the underrepresentationRead MoreCultural Competence Of Law Enforcement Agencies865 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of the cultural competence of law enforcement agencies, they are not helpful in improving the cultural competency of those agencies. This is where instituting mandatory cultural competency training comes into play. For example, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission proposed steps and recommendations to increase cultural competency and one of those steps was to â€Å"develop and deploy effective EEO and diversity/inclusion training for different state and local law enforcement audiences, includingRead MoreDiversity in Law Enforcement Essay926 Words   |   4 PagesFinal Paper Diversity in law enforcement has grown to become a hot topic within the law enforcement community. The demographic of society has changed dramatically over the last 20 years and with that law enforcement has been changing, but have they been changing enough? Different law enforcement agencies have their own ways of implementing diversity in their practices and procedures, some of them are better than others, but with issues that happen today it is important that they do something. Read MoreCultural Consideration1138 Words   |  5 PagesCultural Consideration Chanda Martin CJA/500 May 23, 2011 Joseph Laronge Cultural Considerations In the criminal justice system cultural concerns and influences in today’s societies have its positive and negative aspects. Cultural concerns and influences raises a lot of attention of the affect it has on justice and the security administration. In this paper it will first discuss how cultural concerns and influence affect the justice and security administration and its practices. Second, whatRead MoreRecruitment And Hiring Crisis Of American Law Enforcement1141 Words   |  5 Pageshiring crisis in American law enforcement. Among the various problems that law enforcement agencies in America face, however, do not solely pertain to issues such as budgeting or manpower; but rather, it is the problem of recruiting qualified Asian-American applicants (Gaines Kappeler, 2014). Policing in the United States has changed since the early days of American law enforcement. Although there have been opportunities for Asian-Americans to pursue a career in law enforcement over the last forty yearsRead MoreImproving The Decision Making Process798 Words   |  4 Pagesjudicial system must implement innovative changes to better serve the country’s ethnic diversity. Torres-Spelliscy et al. (2010) encouraged diversity in the American court system and provided ten practices to attract the brightest female and minority candidates for the judiciary, and they are as follows: (1) grapple fully with implicit bias; (2) increase strategic recruitment; (3) be clear about the role of diversity in the nominating process in state statutes; (4) keep the application and interviewingRead MoreHow Community Policing Cause A Movement Of Training851 Words   |  4 PagesPolicing, providing ways to disperse this area of concentration and personalizing police service and empowering the community to participate in this process and making neighboorhods safer and better. Command of temper is absolutely necessary for law enforcement officers because they have the ability to seize members of the community of their freedom. An officer not having control of their temper, represents a threat to our community and gives bad publicity to other police officers. A huge part of a

Transgender and Stereotypical Feminine Traits Free Essays

Emily Johanson First Year Seminar Response Paper #4 Final Version due Monday, Nov. 12 Gender Roles in Transamerica Transamerica is an example of how Hollywood portrays transgender people in film. The movie gets rolling when Huffman who portrays Bree a conservative pre-operative transsexual woman tells her therapist she discovered she had a son named Toby. We will write a custom essay sample on Transgender and Stereotypical Feminine Traits or any similar topic only for you Order Now She has to bail him out of jail in order for her therapist to allow her to have her procedure done in a week. The plot unfolds as they get to know each other driving back to California. However, Toby doesn’t know that Bree is his father. Transamerica reinforces a number of transgender stereotypes, and portrays both main characters with stereotypical feminine traits. Throughout the film, Bree reinforces stereotypical transgender behavior. We see this by her taking her hormone pills every day and just trying to blend into the world as a woman. Many people feel that being a transgender is a mental disorder. In the opening of the movie, Bree is in a meeting with her doctor to get her procedure signed off. He is evaluating her to see if she has a mental disorder. Also, Bree’s mom tried to commit her which led to her suicide attempt. When Joyce Murton came to talk to us, she said that many transgender people attempt suicide, so this was a stereotypical behavior. Also, Joyce told us that she didn’t have a good relationship with her family. We also see this in the film. Bree’s mom still sees her as her son Stanley. When they went out to dinner she even had Bree pull out her chair for her which is a stereotypical male behavior. She also made her switch seats so Toby would be next to her. She is using Toby as her replacement son. When Bree told her she never had a son, she broke down in the restaurant. She feels as though she lost a member of her family. I think this is stereotypical for families of transgender people. Bree and Toby display stereotypically feminine traits. Bree may have been born male, but she acts exceedingly female; even her tastes in clothing and home decor are very feminine and old-fashioned. On their drive back to California, Bree and Toby stop and camp out for the night. When Bree goes to the bathroom, she is worried about snakes. This is a typical female trait. Also, for being a guy most of her life, she is really good at talking to boys. For example, when she met Calvin she got him to buy her food and drive her to her parent’s house. He ended up developing feelings for her. On the other hand, Toby’s delicate prettiness underscores his vulnerability, as well as his femininity. Toby acts with his sexuality. For example, when he realizes that he has become attached to Bree, he tells her, â€Å"I’ll marry you if you want,† even though she’s given no indication of any romantic or sexual interest. After the car is stolen by the hitchhiker, he deals with it by finding a guy to do what he knows best. The way that Toby used his body to get money or to deal with his problems is a female characteristic. Most males would use their fists not their sexuality. The film Transamerica reinforces stereotypical transgender people, and portrays both Bree and Toby with stereotypical feminine traits. This film really makes you think about how people react to transgender people. Most people would turn away from them and not hire them for a job. However, Toby shows you a different outlook. Instead of being mad at Bree for being a transgender, he was mad at her for lying to him. The other part didn’t bother him. At the end of the film, he even went to Bree’s house and wants to get to know her better. This was inspiring because it allows people to see that a transgender person is just like everyone else, and they shouldn’t feel like they have to hide who they are. How to cite Transgender and Stereotypical Feminine Traits, Papers

Leadership Strategy and Innovation Resource Management

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Strategy and Innovation Resource Management. Answer: Introduction Twitter was incorporated in the year 2007 in Delaware. It has its headquarters in San Francisco California. The company deals in products and services for users by providing advertisers, developers and a platform for the data partners. Jack Dorsey's Brave and extraordinary, management style has helped Twitter in creating a difference. He owns an exclusive style that may seem exceptional. It has helped him to develop the most anticipated and effective business principlesin California. Twitters mission is to give everyone a power to create and share ideas and information. Twitters chief goal is to maximise stockholder significance meanwhile observing to the laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates and at all times observing the highest ethical standards. Twitter has been an achievement story developed by three people despite of facing criticisms for their innovative idea initially. They have handled difficulties in the initial four years. It was a dream come true for a start-up o rganization to develop a network and to make dominant social networking websites in the virtual technology world. Purpose for the Existence of the Company A Company mission is to set vital ideologies that guides in strategic decision making. There is numerous mission statement analysis techniques used in order to highlight relationship in between a company mission and execution procedure. The Ashridge mission model progresses and gives a theoretical outline for assessing the excellence and suitability of mission statements. The model has four elements. The model helps in creating a relationship in between the mission statement while complying with all four elements of the Ashridge mission model. It helps in decision making whether the organization has complied with the issues it has faced in accomplishing goals and what it has done in finishing the organizational goals. The employees are looking for an opportunity to receive a sense of acknowledgement from the employer. The employees want more than just salary, security and a chance to widen their ability. There is a need of Sense of Mission important for an organization to grow under a diverse environment. Twitter is focusing on attaining the mission in an effective manner under the current development taking place by increasing the efficiency of the organization. There are a number of utility that twitter is following in order to manage internal and external contingencies. Twitter is therefore inspiring and motivating managers and employees to achieve higher level of performance. There is a need to direct resource allocation in a regular manner so that the objective of the organization can be achieved. Twitter has helped in balancing the challenging conflicts of individual interests of diverse stakeholders whose interest lies with the organization. This has helped twitter in achieving sense of dir ection while assimilating the requirements pertaining as per the recent needs. The main purpose of an organization is to support mutual standards in between employees. Twitter has imbibed ample amount of cultural values in the employees to support the interest of the organization. It has helped it to relocate resources efficiently during crises to progress towards corporate performance. Strategy and distinct capability Twitter growth strategy depends on their ability to increase and keep hold of highly skilled human resources. They believe in Recognizing, recruiting, training and integrating competent individuals that require considerable time, expenditure and interest. There object is to hire new employees who adds value to the organization and continue to centre on keeping their best employees. Twitter has offered many of its employees a significant growth within a short period of tenure. They are able to obtain considerable earnings from sale of equity in the markets. This has caused a decline in the inspiration to continue working with them. There is a high level of Competition for extremely trained employees especially in San Francisco Bay Area, California. They are planning to invest important amount of cash and equity to draw attention of new employees and to retain the old employees for the betterment of the organization. Twitter understands that, if they are unable to successfully add and retain employees, their capability to attain strategic goals will decline. This may hamper their business on a long run. Their corporate culture has added value to achieve goals. They understand that there is a continuous need to maintain culture while growing, as they might lose improvement, originality and joint effort. If they do not focus upon the continuous growth, their business may be harmed (Avolio and Yammarino, 2013). Twitter has an objective under the global expansion strategy to improve products and services by acquiring other companies in order to add manufacturing capacity or corresponding products and technologies. Meanwhile they have encouraged investment policy and strategy to preserve capital and support liquidity needs. They do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes but to add value to the shareholders in an efficient manner. The motive of twitter is to maximise wealth of the shareholders. Twitter is experiencing a significant need for highly skilled employees which includes senior management, engineers, designers and product managers. Their growth strategy depends upon the ability to keep active employees and to add extra highly skilled employees. They are facing a high level of competition from the other companies to retain/add skilled employees especially in the San Francisco Bay Area. There is a huge competition from the other business organizations. They are continuously competing against online and mobile businesses with the other businesses in the technology industry. Twitter strongly believes that their ability to compete well for highly skilled employees depends on factors like work environment, resourcefulness and improvement, chances to work on tough situations, significant and vital products, the status and power of their brand; and reimbursement. Principles of the company Twitter has significantly agreed upon combating against the factors mentioned above. However, they know that their industry is developing quickly and it is becoming very difficult to survive under the competitive environment. There are certain Risk Factors which are essentially to be given importance. Failing to compete efficiently for users and advertiser there can be a loss in the growth of the organization. This could harm the business and effective results. Twitter understands the importance of highly skilled employees to operate their business. If it is unable to hire, keep and inspire their employees we do not continue to develop our corporate culture or maintain our core values as we grow and evolve, we may be unable to foster the innovation, creativity and teamwork we believe we need to support our growth. Moreover, liquidity available to our employee security holders following our initial public offering could lead to disparities of wealth among our employees, which could adversely impact relations among employees and our culture in general. Our transition from a private company to a public company may result in a change to our corporate culture, which could harm our business. Twitter is providing with a glean insight to the other companies to ensure a continuous growth to the employees and the organization. Twitter has proved several times that it is unique and has distinct qualities than the other organization. Facebook and LinkedIn support longer forms of appearance whereas Twitters format has encouraged the in sequence feedback loop, and an optimistic artlessness. Twitter permits users to cover up their identities. While their identities may be hidden but they can still share their opinion about a subject matter openly on social media platform. It has become mainly valuable while separating it from the other social media platform. CEO-led Management Sessions The big part of constructing a robust company begins with building a strong manager team. Costolo directs supervision at Twitter meeting at least once a quarter. They are utilizing different techniques while disallowing the use of slides by using stories and leveraging his experiences to encourage the team. This has helped the team to understand the management opinion to set an example of vast management all through the company. He is at present functioning on various business operations in order to promote the interest of each individual. Continuous measurement of performance Twitter has Underpin the distinguishing capability and the Value System in its working. Most of the companies perform an employee contentment survey rarely or at once in a year. Twitter implements pulse review in every six months. The survey is based on Short and focused, approximately 15 questions that are used to measure existing engagement levels and it also includes open ended questions to understand the perspective of the employees. Focus on the Core Competency Generally employee appointment efforts fail as they are more complicated and programmatic. Twitter focuses on valuing ease that is why they have developed a 5 core program for every employee. They are not just focused on competencies but rather, those abilities which are essential for an organization to grow continuously. There 5 core programs include: Communication, Development, Change, Collaboration, and Direction. Twitter needs employees to learndaily by creating core skills in order to focus on helping employees. Genuine courageous feedback. Twitter is focused on giving continuous feedbacks to its employees that has helped the organization to make a remarkable difference while comparing to the other competitors. Growth is an essential factor required for the growth that enables managers to give future-oriented, present performance-improving feedback in a critical manner. There is at present twice-a-year official performance review process that emphasis on increasingly continuous feedback Quarterly learning labs are also helping the employees to collect feedback from the manager in order to retain continuous growth. Twitter has showed that it is still suffering from shrinking revenue growth and a weak user numbers. Twitter stated in its annual report regarding a rise of its revenue to 20%. It has earned revenue of $602 million in the second quarter. Twitter remarked it as the smallest gain and the eighth-straight phase of continuous deteriorating growth. There is a slow-down in the social-media company due to a decline of demand from advertisers who are its main source of revenue. They are expecting a decline in the other quarter if the current situation continues (Goldman, 2016). Twitter has acknowledged that it is losing its status evaluated among other social-media advertising offerings. There is an increased competition from the social marketing budgets and it is hurting its appeal to the consumers. Twitter is currently tapping into other parts of the promotion budget that is specifically through online video advertising financial planning (Wagner, 2016). They are taking up the current changes in a significant manner. It requires the company to make tools that allow advertisers to achieve exact demographics with exact regularity (Nowak, 2016). Business strategy Mr. Dorsey strikes an optimistic tone with consideration to the current user growth. He acknowledged that the audience growth in the quarter is notable. There is a direct link between the product alterations they have made to achieve a growth. This expansion was driven by presenting users with more pertinent content in their timelines. It will further improve push notifications in order to seek attention of the audience. They have made clear that there is no point of merging with other as there is a long way to go in terms of their strength (Daft,2014). Twitter is not only a service of significance, but is also a company with huge importance. It is a product with a differential value that has added in its growth since 2007. Twitter has applied refreshing its ads business around by bracing user expansion by creation of the short-messaging service easy to use. It has applied a deliberate business strategy where the management is coordinating the action plans by addressing the goals. It has taken sufficient actions to align with the appropriate actions of everyone present. The management has understood that there are certain external factors that are not in control (Goethals, Allison, Kramer and Messick, 2014). Twitter strategy is to pull more users with its live-video scheme. It has signed a wide number of deals related to live-streaming that deals in for rights to broadcast politics, sports and financial. It has focused itself on sports in particular that has resulted in arrangement that comprise the rights to live-stream games (Wankel, Marovich and Stanaityte, 2010; Murthy, 2013). Twitter is making sure that it will be able to earn revenue from ads sold alongside this content. The company still has to focus on planning a systematic arrangement by focusing on its strategies in order to compete against the global leaders like Facebook and Google (Lusted, 2011). SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is a strategic tool used to derive the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat o an organization. Twitter recently has undergone a structural change. SWOT analysis has helped in remarking the essential criteria needed in order to understand the current position of the organization. Additionally it describes necessary steps required to achieve desired changes (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014; Dias, 2016). It also helps in establishing a decent relationship in between the company current and prospective growth (Storey, 2014). Strength Twitter is a good brand reflection in the market for believable celebrity accounts It is known to be the early market entrants who conquered the entire social media platform in an initial period (Hendry, 2012) . It is known for the Speedy and brief updates enabledon it for the audience. Twitter is used highly by the celebrities for business oradvertising purpose It has a strong brand name across the globe and a popular good luck charm the bluebird It is providing with a huge platform to relate with their customers. Twitter is used by the advertiser for promotion of their brand(Johnston and Marshall,2016; Bratton and Gold, 2012) Weaknesses There is an unequal sharing of tweets. 90% of the tweets are imminent from the top 10% of the present users. Twitter is failing to provide offer with newer features. It is lacking behind providing creative features to attract more people the current business model has limited sources of expansion that has created difficult Opportunities Twitter has become a platform for businesses to promote themselves on the social media platform. It has an opportunity to invite more celebrities and organizations to create convincing accounts so that more customers can be attracted towards them. It has an opportunity to integrate with more telecom operators or companies in order to secure its place. Threats There are various Competitors present in market. The social media is witnessing arrival of upcoming social networking websites There are lot many cases of Fake accounts and hacking cases. Conclusion Twitter is implying strategies in order to achieve a continuous growth in a recent time period. The company is exercising various tactics in order to achieve a maximum growth. During the recent times the company is facing major crises its undergoing. It has planned to restructure the services and products to achieve desired growth. The company has implemented objectives under the leadership Of Jack Dorsey. The new plan has been implemented by diversifying under the current business policies of Twitter. Companys current growth and strategic developments has helped in achieving targets. There is a need to diversify in order to stand against the global competitors like Google, Facebook etc. There is a decline in the growth of Twitter that has caused a restrictive growth due to advertisement issues. By looking at the present scenario it is advised to frame business policies as per the changing business trends. Twitter has a strategy to overcome the harm which is caused in the year 2015. They have a robust plan to overcome against the problems they have faced in past. It is advised to take necessary steps while rejuvenating itself against the challenging business environment. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013. Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2012. Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Daft, R.L., 2014. The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Dias, L., 2016. Human Resource Management. Human Resource Management. Goethals, G., Allison, S., Kramer, R. and Messick, D. eds., 2014. Conceptions of leadership: Enduring ideas and emerging insights. Springer. Goldman,D. 2016. 10 years later, Twitter still isn't close to making money. (Online).Available at: https://money.cnn.com/2016/03/21/technology/twitter-10th-anniversary/ (Accessed on: 12 December 2016) Hendry, C., 2012. Human resource management. Routledge. Johnston, M.W. and Marshall, G.W., 2016. Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Lusted,M.2011. Social Networking: MySpace, Facebook, Twitter. ABDO Murthy,D.2013. Twitter: Social Communication in the Twitter Age. John Wiley Sons Nowak,P. 2016. Twitter turns a profit, but it still resists change. (Online).Available at: https://www.thenational.ae/business/technology/twitter-turns-a-profit-but-it-still-resists-change (Accessed on: 12 December 2016) Storey, J., 2014. New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Wagner,K. 2016. Now Twitter has revenue problems, and its stock is tanking. (Online).Available at: https://www.recode.net/2016/4/26/11586438/twitter-earnings-q1-added-new-users (Accessed on: 12 December 2016) Wankel,C., Marovich, M. and Stanaityte,J.2010. Cutting-edge Social Media Approaches to Business Education: Teaching with LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, Second Life, and Blogs. IAP